Cladosporium spp: Morphology, infections and pathogenic species
Abstract
The genus Cladosporium spp comprises a large number of dematiaceous fungi with a world-wide distribution and are among the most common air-borne fungi. They are frequently isolated contaminants and some species are pathogenic and toxigenic to humans and are associated with superficial infections of the skin and soft tissues, including disseminated sepsis with high mortality. In addition, Cladoporium spp. are aero-allergens and cause serious allergic diseases of the respiratory tract, as well as intrabronchial lesions. Currently, the Cladosporium spp species of medical interest associated with human disease are C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum, C. oxysporum and C. sphaerospermum. In the case of Cladosporium spp infections, the therapy is prolonged and varies according to the clinical syndrome. Knowledge about this genre is essential for better diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This literature review to gather information about the general and morphological characteristics, pathologies, clinical aspects and main pathogenic species of the infections caused by this genus.
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References
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Bensch, K.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Braun, U.; Dijksterhuis, J.; Yañes-Morales, M.J.; Crous, P.W. 2015. Common but different: the expanding realm of Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 82: 23-74.
Bent, J.P; Kuhn, F.A. 1996. Antifungal activity against allergic fungal sinusitis organisms. Laryngoscope, 106(11): 1331-1334.
Boechat, J.L.; De La Reza, D.; Abe, A.T.; Valle, S.O.R.; França, A.T. 1998. Sinusite fúngica alérgica: atualização. Revista Brasileira de alergia e imunopatologia, 21(4): 105-111.
Castro, A.S.; Oliveira, A.; Lopes, V. 2013. Pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis: a challenge to the clinician. European Respiratory Review, 22(128): 187-192.
Chen, B.Y.; Chao, H.J.; Wu, C.F.; Honda, Y.; Guo, Y.L. 2014. High ambient Cladosporium spores were associated with reduced lung function in schoolchildren in a longitudinal study. Science of the Total Environment, 481(2014): 370-376.
De Hoog, G.S.; Guarro, J.; Gené, J.; Filgueiras, M.J.2011. Atlas of Clinical Fungii. CD-ROM versão 3.1. CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, Holanda.
Deng, S.; Pan, W.; Liao, W.; De Hoog, G.S.; Gerrits Van Den Ende, A. H G.; Vitale, R.G.; Rafati, H.; Ilkit, M.; Van Der Lee, A.H.; Rijs, A.J.M. M.; Verweij, P.E.; Seyedmousavi, S. 2016. Combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine against neurotropic species of melanized fungi causing primary cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 60(4): 2346-2351.
Dugan, F.M.; Schubert, K.; Braun, U. 2004. Check-list of Cladosporium names. Schlechtendalia, 11: 1-103.
Espinel-Ingroff, A.; Shadomy, S.; Dixon, D.; Goldson, P. 1986. Exoantigen test for Cladosporium bantianum, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Phialophora verrucosa. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 23(2): 305-310.
Fairs, A.; Agbetile, J.; Hargadon, B.; Bourne, M.; Monteiro, W.R.; Brightling, C.E.; Bradding, P.; Verde, R.H.; Mutalithas, K.; Desai, D.; Pavord, I.D.; Wardlaw, A.J.; Pashley, C.H. 2010. IgE sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with reduced lung function in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 182(11): 1362-1368.
Fisher, F.; Cook, N.B. 2001. Micologia Fundamentos e Diagnóstico. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter. 337 p.
Gambale, W.; Croce, J.; Costa-Manso, E.; Croce, M.; Sales, M. 1993. Library fungi at the University of São Paulo and their relationship with respiratory allergy. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 3(1): 45-50.
Gutarowska, B. 2014. Moulds in biodeterioration of technical materials. Folia Biologica et Oecologica, 10(1): 27-39.
Gugnani, H.C.; Ramesh, V.; Sood, N.; Guarro, J.; Moin-Ul-Haq; Paliwal-Joshi, A.; Singh, B. 2006. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium oxysporum and its treatment with potassium iodide. Medical Mycology, 44(3): 285-288.
Maduri, A.; Patnayak, R.; Verma, A.; Mudgeti, N.; Kalawat, U.; Asha, T. 2015. Subcutaneous infection by Cladosporium sphaerospermum - A rare case report. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 58(3): 406-407.
Martinez-Herrera, E.O.; Arroyo-Camarena, S.; Tajada-Garcia, D. L.; Porras-Lopez, F. Arenas, R. 2015. Onychomycosis due to opportunistic molds. Anais Brasileiro de Dermatologia, 90(3): 334-337.
McGinnis, M.R. 1983. Chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis: new concepts, diagnosis, and mycology. Journal of The American Academic Dermatology, 8(1): 1-16.
Pandey, S.P.; Fuhrman, C.; Bittar, H.E.T. 2016. The first reported case of severe organic dust toxicity syndrome caused by Cladosporium herbarum. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 193: A7948.
Revankar, S.G.; Sutton, D.A. 2010. Melanized fungi in human disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23(4): 884–928.
Romano, C.; Bilenchi, R.; Alessandrini, C.; Miracco, C. 1999. Case Report. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium oxysporum. Mycosis, 42(1-2): 111-115.
Roth, M. 1994. Should oral steroids be the primary treatment for allergic fungal sinusitis? Ear Nose Throat Journal, 73(12): 928-930.
Sandoval-Denis, M.; Sutton, D.A.; Martin-Vicente, A.; Cano-Lira, J.F.; Wiederhold, N.; Guarro, J.; Gené, J. 2015.
Cladosporium species recovered from clinical samples in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53(9): 2990-3000.
Schubert, K.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Braun, U.; Dijksterhuis, J.; Starink, M.; Hill, C.F.; Zalar, P.; De Hoog, G.S.; Crous, P.W. 2007. Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Studies in Mycology, 58: 105-156.
Schwartz, R.A. 2004. Superficial fungal infections. Lancet, 364(9440): 1173-1182.
Shi, D.; Lu, G.; Mei, H.; Shen, Y.; Qiu, Y.; Liu, W. 2016. A rare case of onychomycosis induced by Cladosporium cladosporioides. Journal of Clinical and Medicine Case Reports, 2(2): 1072.
Sidrim, J.J.C.; Rocha, M.F.G. 2012. Micologia médica à luz de autores contemporâneos [Reimpressão]. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 372p.
Singh, S.; Singh, P. Sarkar, C.; Goel, V.; Srivastava, T., Sharma, M. C.; Behari, M. 2005. Fungal granuloma of the brain caused by Cladosporium bantianum – a case report and review of literature. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 228(1): 109-112.
Soumagne, T.; Pana-Katatali, H.; Degano, B.; Dalphin, J.C. 2015. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. BMJ Case Reports.
Tamsikar, J.; Naidu, J.; Singh, S.M. 2006. Phaeohyphomycotic sebaceous cyst due to Cladosporium cladosporidioides: case report and review of literature. Journal of Medical Mycology, 16(1): 55-57.
Tasic, S.; Tasic, N.M. 2007. Cladosporium spp.- cause of oportunistic mycoses. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 24(1): 15-19.
Trabulsi, L.R.; Alterthum, F. 2016. Microbiologia. 6. ed. São Paulo: Atheneu. 920p.
Vicendese, D.; Dharmage, S.C.; Tang, M.L.; Olenko, A.; Allen, K.J.; Abramson, M.J.; Erbas, B. 2015. Bedroom air quality and vacuuming frequency are associated with repeat child asthma hospital admissions. Journal Asthma: Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma, 52(7): 727-31.
Yew, S.M.; Chan, C.L.; Lee, K.W.; Na, S.L.; Tan, R.; Hoh, C.C.; Yee, W.Y.; Ngeow, Y.F.; Ng, K.P. 2014. A five-year survey of dematiaceous fungi in a tropical hospital reveals potential opportunistic species. PLoS One, 9(8): e104352.
Zaitz, C.; Campbell, I.; Marques, S.A.; Ruiz, L.R.B.; Framil, V.M.S. 2012. Compêndio de micologia médica. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 432p.
Zalar, P.; De Hoog, G.; Schroers, H.; Crous, P.; Groenewald, J.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. 2007. Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments. Studies in Mycology, 58: 157-183.
Zheng, C.; Liu, Z.H.; Tang, S.S.; Lu, D.; Huang, X.Y. 2014. first report of leaf spot caused by Cladosporium oxysporum on greenhouse eggplant in China. Plant Disease, 98(4): 566-566.
Zhou, Y.B.; Chen, P.; Sun, T.T.; Wang, X.J.; Li, D.M. 2016. Acne-like subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides: a rare case report and review of published literatures. Mycopathologia, 181 (7-8): 567–573.
Zoppas, B.C.A.; Valencia-Barrera, R.M.; Fernandéz-Gonzáles, D. 2011 Distribuição de esporos de Cladosporium spp no ar atmosférico de Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil, durante dois anos de estudo. Revista Brasileira de Alergia e Imunopatologia, 34(2): 55-58.
Bensch, K.; Braun, U.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. 2012. The genus Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72: 1-401.
Bensch, K.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Braun, U.; Dijksterhuis, J.; Yañes-Morales, M.J.; Crous, P.W. 2015. Common but different: the expanding realm of Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 82: 23-74.
Bent, J.P; Kuhn, F.A. 1996. Antifungal activity against allergic fungal sinusitis organisms. Laryngoscope, 106(11): 1331-1334.
Boechat, J.L.; De La Reza, D.; Abe, A.T.; Valle, S.O.R.; França, A.T. 1998. Sinusite fúngica alérgica: atualização. Revista Brasileira de alergia e imunopatologia, 21(4): 105-111.
Castro, A.S.; Oliveira, A.; Lopes, V. 2013. Pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis: a challenge to the clinician. European Respiratory Review, 22(128): 187-192.
Chen, B.Y.; Chao, H.J.; Wu, C.F.; Honda, Y.; Guo, Y.L. 2014. High ambient Cladosporium spores were associated with reduced lung function in schoolchildren in a longitudinal study. Science of the Total Environment, 481(2014): 370-376.
De Hoog, G.S.; Guarro, J.; Gené, J.; Filgueiras, M.J.2011. Atlas of Clinical Fungii. CD-ROM versão 3.1. CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, Holanda.
Deng, S.; Pan, W.; Liao, W.; De Hoog, G.S.; Gerrits Van Den Ende, A. H G.; Vitale, R.G.; Rafati, H.; Ilkit, M.; Van Der Lee, A.H.; Rijs, A.J.M. M.; Verweij, P.E.; Seyedmousavi, S. 2016. Combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine against neurotropic species of melanized fungi causing primary cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 60(4): 2346-2351.
Dugan, F.M.; Schubert, K.; Braun, U. 2004. Check-list of Cladosporium names. Schlechtendalia, 11: 1-103.
Espinel-Ingroff, A.; Shadomy, S.; Dixon, D.; Goldson, P. 1986. Exoantigen test for Cladosporium bantianum, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Phialophora verrucosa. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 23(2): 305-310.
Fairs, A.; Agbetile, J.; Hargadon, B.; Bourne, M.; Monteiro, W.R.; Brightling, C.E.; Bradding, P.; Verde, R.H.; Mutalithas, K.; Desai, D.; Pavord, I.D.; Wardlaw, A.J.; Pashley, C.H. 2010. IgE sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with reduced lung function in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 182(11): 1362-1368.
Fisher, F.; Cook, N.B. 2001. Micologia Fundamentos e Diagnóstico. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter. 337 p.
Gambale, W.; Croce, J.; Costa-Manso, E.; Croce, M.; Sales, M. 1993. Library fungi at the University of São Paulo and their relationship with respiratory allergy. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 3(1): 45-50.
Gutarowska, B. 2014. Moulds in biodeterioration of technical materials. Folia Biologica et Oecologica, 10(1): 27-39.
Gugnani, H.C.; Ramesh, V.; Sood, N.; Guarro, J.; Moin-Ul-Haq; Paliwal-Joshi, A.; Singh, B. 2006. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium oxysporum and its treatment with potassium iodide. Medical Mycology, 44(3): 285-288.
Maduri, A.; Patnayak, R.; Verma, A.; Mudgeti, N.; Kalawat, U.; Asha, T. 2015. Subcutaneous infection by Cladosporium sphaerospermum - A rare case report. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 58(3): 406-407.
Martinez-Herrera, E.O.; Arroyo-Camarena, S.; Tajada-Garcia, D. L.; Porras-Lopez, F. Arenas, R. 2015. Onychomycosis due to opportunistic molds. Anais Brasileiro de Dermatologia, 90(3): 334-337.
McGinnis, M.R. 1983. Chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis: new concepts, diagnosis, and mycology. Journal of The American Academic Dermatology, 8(1): 1-16.
Pandey, S.P.; Fuhrman, C.; Bittar, H.E.T. 2016. The first reported case of severe organic dust toxicity syndrome caused by Cladosporium herbarum. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 193: A7948.
Revankar, S.G.; Sutton, D.A. 2010. Melanized fungi in human disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23(4): 884–928.
Romano, C.; Bilenchi, R.; Alessandrini, C.; Miracco, C. 1999. Case Report. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium oxysporum. Mycosis, 42(1-2): 111-115.
Roth, M. 1994. Should oral steroids be the primary treatment for allergic fungal sinusitis? Ear Nose Throat Journal, 73(12): 928-930.
Sandoval-Denis, M.; Sutton, D.A.; Martin-Vicente, A.; Cano-Lira, J.F.; Wiederhold, N.; Guarro, J.; Gené, J. 2015.
Cladosporium species recovered from clinical samples in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53(9): 2990-3000.
Schubert, K.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Braun, U.; Dijksterhuis, J.; Starink, M.; Hill, C.F.; Zalar, P.; De Hoog, G.S.; Crous, P.W. 2007. Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Studies in Mycology, 58: 105-156.
Schwartz, R.A. 2004. Superficial fungal infections. Lancet, 364(9440): 1173-1182.
Shi, D.; Lu, G.; Mei, H.; Shen, Y.; Qiu, Y.; Liu, W. 2016. A rare case of onychomycosis induced by Cladosporium cladosporioides. Journal of Clinical and Medicine Case Reports, 2(2): 1072.
Sidrim, J.J.C.; Rocha, M.F.G. 2012. Micologia médica à luz de autores contemporâneos [Reimpressão]. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 372p.
Singh, S.; Singh, P. Sarkar, C.; Goel, V.; Srivastava, T., Sharma, M. C.; Behari, M. 2005. Fungal granuloma of the brain caused by Cladosporium bantianum – a case report and review of literature. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 228(1): 109-112.
Soumagne, T.; Pana-Katatali, H.; Degano, B.; Dalphin, J.C. 2015. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. BMJ Case Reports.
Tamsikar, J.; Naidu, J.; Singh, S.M. 2006. Phaeohyphomycotic sebaceous cyst due to Cladosporium cladosporidioides: case report and review of literature. Journal of Medical Mycology, 16(1): 55-57.
Tasic, S.; Tasic, N.M. 2007. Cladosporium spp.- cause of oportunistic mycoses. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 24(1): 15-19.
Trabulsi, L.R.; Alterthum, F. 2016. Microbiologia. 6. ed. São Paulo: Atheneu. 920p.
Vicendese, D.; Dharmage, S.C.; Tang, M.L.; Olenko, A.; Allen, K.J.; Abramson, M.J.; Erbas, B. 2015. Bedroom air quality and vacuuming frequency are associated with repeat child asthma hospital admissions. Journal Asthma: Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma, 52(7): 727-31.
Yew, S.M.; Chan, C.L.; Lee, K.W.; Na, S.L.; Tan, R.; Hoh, C.C.; Yee, W.Y.; Ngeow, Y.F.; Ng, K.P. 2014. A five-year survey of dematiaceous fungi in a tropical hospital reveals potential opportunistic species. PLoS One, 9(8): e104352.
Zaitz, C.; Campbell, I.; Marques, S.A.; Ruiz, L.R.B.; Framil, V.M.S. 2012. Compêndio de micologia médica. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 432p.
Zalar, P.; De Hoog, G.; Schroers, H.; Crous, P.; Groenewald, J.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. 2007. Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments. Studies in Mycology, 58: 157-183.
Zheng, C.; Liu, Z.H.; Tang, S.S.; Lu, D.; Huang, X.Y. 2014. first report of leaf spot caused by Cladosporium oxysporum on greenhouse eggplant in China. Plant Disease, 98(4): 566-566.
Zhou, Y.B.; Chen, P.; Sun, T.T.; Wang, X.J.; Li, D.M. 2016. Acne-like subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides: a rare case report and review of published literatures. Mycopathologia, 181 (7-8): 567–573.
Zoppas, B.C.A.; Valencia-Barrera, R.M.; Fernandéz-Gonzáles, D. 2011 Distribuição de esporos de Cladosporium spp no ar atmosférico de Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil, durante dois anos de estudo. Revista Brasileira de Alergia e Imunopatologia, 34(2): 55-58.
Published
2017-01-15
How to Cite
MENEZES, Camilla Pinheiro; PEREZ, Ana Luiza Alves de Lima; OLIVEIRA, Edeltrudes Lima.
Cladosporium spp: Morphology, infections and pathogenic species.
Acta Brasiliensis, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 23-27, jan. 2017.
ISSN 2526-4338.
Available at: <http://revistas.ufcg.edu.br/ActaBra/index.php/actabra/article/view/6>. Date accessed: 16 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.22571/Actabra1120176.
Section
Review
